Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

Time from injury to ED arrival (min)

41 (30, 60)

39 (28, 60)

 < 0.001

Age (years)

51 (35, 64)

68 (54, 77)

 < 0.001

Male

193,603 (61.5)

2,535 (68.8)

 < 0.001

Patients with TBI

52,141 (16.6)

2,236 (60.6)

 < 0.001

Trauma mechanism

 < 0.001

 Traffic accident

118,924 (37.8)

1,833 (49.7)

 Fall down injury

117,431 (37.3)

1,657 (44.9)

 Blunt injury

54,843 (17.4)

128 (3.5)

 Penetrating injury

20,429 (6.5)

56 (1.5)

 Other^a

3,192 (1.0)

13 (0.4)

 SBP (mmHg)

136 (120, 152)

130 (100, 160)

 < 0.001

 SBP < 90, n (%)

3,737 (1.2)

715 (19.4)

 < 0.001

 DBP (mmHg)

80 (70, 90)

80 (60, 95)

 < 0.001

 HR (beats/min)

83 (75, 94)

90 (75, 110)

 < 0.001

 HR > 100, n (%)

54,339 (17.3)

1,342 (36.4)

 < 0.001

 HR < 60, n (%)

6,836 (2.2)

250 (6.8)

 < 0.001

 RR (breath/min)

20 (18, 20)

20 (18, 22)

 < 0.001

 BT (°C)

36.5 (36.3,3 6.8)

36.2 (36.0, 36.6)

 < 0.001

 GCS

15 (15, 15)

8 (3,15)

 < 0.001

 GCS < 9, n (%)

3,254 (1.0)

1,904 (1.6)

 < 0.001

 EMR-ISS

9 (8, 18)

41 (25,66)

 < 0.001

 rSIG

24.03 (24.45, 28.21)

10.84 (5.50, 19.84)

 < 0.001