Table 2 Baseline characteristics according to significant intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal injuries

Sex

0.017

 Female

70 (32.0%)

38 (20.9%)

 Male

149 (68.0%)

144 (79.1%)

Age

58.0 [48.0–67.0]

58.0 [50.0–66.0]

0.661

Trauma mechanism

 < 0.001

 High-energy trauma

115 (52.5%)

131 (72.0%)

 Low-energy trauma

104 (47.5%)

51 (28.0%)

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

77 (35.2%)

55 (30.2%)

0.347

 Diabetes

45 (20.5%)

36 (19.8%)

0.948

 Stroke

16 (7.3%)

6 (3.3%)

0.125

 Heart disease

11 (5.0%)

4 (2.2%)

0.222

 Chronic lung disease

1 (0.5%)

0 (0.0%)

1.000

 Liver disease

3 (1.4%)

2 (1.1%)

1.000

 Chronic kidney disease

7 (3.2%)

6 (3.3%)

1.000

Medication

 Antiplatelet

20 (9.1%)

12 (6.6%)

0.454

 Anticoagulant

4 (1.8%)

4 (2.2%)

1.000

Initial vital signs

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

138.0 [124.0–155.5]

135.0 [118.0–152.0]

0.073

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

82.0 [73.0–90.0]

80.5 [68.0–89.0]

0.161

 Respiratory rate (/min)

18.0 [18.0–18.0]

18.0 [16.0–20.0]

0.338

 Heart rate (/min)

84.0 [73.0–92.0]

86.0 [74.0–98.0]

0.044

 Body temperature (°C)

36.7 [36.3–37.0]

36.6 [36.2–37.0]

0.196

In-ED management

 O₂ supplementation

52 (23.7%)

118 (64.8%)

 < 0.001

 Mechanical ventilator use

6 (2.7%)

17 (9.3%)

0.009

 Transfusion

3 (1.4%)

38 (20.9%)

 < 0.001

Rib fracture characteristics

 Number of rib fractures

3.0 [1.0–4.0]

5.0 [3.0–8.0]

 < 0.001

 Bilateral rib fracture

24 (11.0%)

44 (24.2%)

0.001

 Lower rib fracture

101 (46.1%)

119 (65.4%)

 < 0.001

 Location of the rib fracture

  Anterior

49 (22.4%)

61 (33.5%)

0.017

  Lateral

86 (39.3%)

99 (54.4%)

0.003

  Posterior

50 (22.8%)

100 (54.9%)

 < 0.001

 Displacement

30 (13.7%)

77 (42.3%)

 < 0.001

Location of intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal injuries

 Mediastinum

0 (0%)

35 (19.2%)

 Aorta

0 (0%)

6 (3.3%)

 Lung contusion

41 (18.7%)

79 (43.4%)

 Heart

0 (0%)

8 (4.4%)

 Pneumothorax

25 (11.4%)

93 (51.1%)

 Hemothorax

68 (31.1%)

124 (68.1%)

 Diaphragm

0 (0%)

5 (2.7%)

 Liver

0 (0%)

23 (12.6%)

 Spleen

0 (0%)

10 (5.5%)

 Kidney

0 (0%)

9 (4.9%)

 Adrenal gland

0 (0%)

7 (3.8%)

 Gut

0 (0%)

6 (3.3%)

 Pancreas

0 (0%)

6 (3.3%)

 Abdominal vessel

0 (0%)

8 (4.4%)

 Vertebra

0 (0%)

49 (26.9%)

Other injuries

 Traumatic brain injury

12 (5.5%)

24 (13.2%)

0.012

 Facial bone fracture

10 (4.6%)

11 (6.0%)

0.663

 Pelvic bone fracture

11 (5.0%)

15 (8.2%)

0.272

 Extremity fracture

17 (7.8%)

36 (19.8%)

0.001

 Injury severity score

9.0 [4.0–9.0]

10.0 [9.0–17.0]

 < 0.001