Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to any intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal injuries

Sex

0.009

 Female

44 (36.1%)

64 (22.9%)

 Male

78 (63.9%)

215 (77.1%)

Age

59.0 [49.0–67.0]

57.0 [48.5–66.0]

0.384

Trauma mechanism

 < 0.001

 High-energy trauma

56 (45.9%)

190 (68.1%)

 Low-energy trauma

66 (54.1%)

89 (31.9%)

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

43 (35.2%)

89 (31.9%)

0.589

 Diabetes

28 (23.0%)

53 (19.0%)

0.440

 Stroke

10 (8.2%)

12 (4.3%)

0.181

 Heart disease

3 (2.5%)

12 (4.3%)

0.543

 Chronic lung disease

0 (0%)

1 (0.4%)

1.000

 Liver disease

2 (1.6%)

3 (1.1%)

1.000

 Chronic kidney disease

3 (2.5%)

10 (3.6%)

0.780

Medication

 Antiplatelet

11 (9.0%)

21 (7.5%)

0.759

 Anticoagulant

1 (0.8%)

7 (2.5%)

0.468

Initial vital signs

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

138.0 [123.0–156.0]

136.0 [121.0–152.0]

0.607

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

80.0 [71.0–90.0]

82.0 [72.0–89.0]

0.918

 Respiratory rate (/min)

18.0 [18.0–18.0]

18.0 [16.0–20.0]

0.302

 Heart rate (/min)

84.0 [78.0–91.0]

86.0 [72.0–96.0]

0.700

 Body temperature (℃)

36.7 [36.3–37.1]

36.7 [36.2–37.0]

0.337

In-ED management

 O₂ supplementation

23 (18.9%)

147 (52.7%)

 < 0.001

 Mechanical ventilator use

2 (1.6%)

21 (7.5%)

0.036

 Transfusion

2 (1.6%)

39 (14.0%)

 < 0.001

Rib fracture characteristics

 Number of rib fractures

2.0 [1.0–3.0]

5.0 [3.0–7.0]

 < 0.001

 Bilateral rib fracture

12 (9.8%)

56 (20.1%)

0.018

 Lower rib fracture

53 (43.4%)

167 (59.9%)

0.003

 Location of the rib fracture

  Anterior

30 (24.6%)

80 (28.7%)

0.471

  Lateral

25 (20.5%)

160 (57.3%)

 < 0.001

  Posterior

21 (17.2%)

129 (46.2%)

 < 0.001

 Displacement

8 (6.6%)

99 (35.5%)

 < 0.001

Other injuries

 Traumatic brain injury

4 (3.3%)

32 (11.5%)

0.014

 Facial bone fracture

1 (0.8%)

20 (7.2%)

0.017

 Pelvic bone fracture

5 (4.1%)

21 (7.5%)

0.288

 Extremity fracture

8 (6.6%)

45 (16.1%)

0.015

 Injury severity score

4.0 [1.0–9.0]

9.0 [9.0–14.0]

 < 0.001